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title="Permalink to Trebia Trasimene Cannae and Zama">Trebia Trasimene Cannae and Zama</a></h2>
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<time class="published" datetime="2021-10-18T00:00:00-07:00">
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Mon 18 October 2021
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<address class="vcard author">
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By <a class="url fn" href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/author/trent-palmer.html">Trent Palmer</a>
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<div class="category">
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Category: <a href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/category/war.html">War</a>
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<div class="tags">
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Tags:
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<a href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/tag/rome.html">Rome</a>
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<a href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/tag/carthage.html">Carthage</a>
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<a href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/tag/hannibal.html">Hannibal</a>
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<a href="https://blog.trentpalmer.org/tag/elephants.html">Elephants</a>
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<div class="entry-content">
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<p>What are the four major Battles of the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War" target="_blank">Second Punic War</a>?</p>
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<p>If you said, "Trebia, Trasimene, Cannae, and Zama", you are correct!</p>
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<h3>Prologue</h3>
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<p>In 218 BC, Carthaginian General Hannibal, with an army of 40,000
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and more than 30 war elephants, crossed the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees" target="_blank">Pyrenees Mountains</a>,
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then crossed the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" target="_blank">Rhone River</a>,
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and then crossed
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" target="_blank">The Alps</a> in winter,
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and invaded Northern Italy, otherwise known as
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" target="_blank">Cisalpine Gaul</a>.</p>
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<h3>Trebia River</h3>
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<p>In December, on a floodplain of the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" target="_blank">Trebia River</a>,
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Hannibal decisively defeated a Roman Army led by
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Longus_(consul_218_BC)" target="_blank">Roman Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus</a>.</p>
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<p>Hannibal's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidian_cavalry" target="_blank">Numidian Cavalry</a>
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were instrumental in victory, and the Carthaginian Light Infantry out-flanked the Roman
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Infantry. But the battle was decided when a hidden Carthaginian unit ambushed the
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Roman Army from behind while they were engaged.</p>
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<h3>Lake Trasimene</h3>
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<p>In the Spring of 217 BC, Hannibal crossed the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" target="_blank">Apennine Mountains</a>,
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marched for four days through the swamps near the mouth of the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno" target="_blank">Arno River</a>
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(which flows through modern Florence and Pisa), and ambushed a Roman Army which was led by
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" target="_blank">Roman Consul Gaius Flaminius</a>,
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as it marched along the shore of
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" target="_blank">Lake Trasimene</a>.</p>
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<p>This was (and still is), the greatest ambush in human military history. And once again
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the Roman Army was wiped out.</p>
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<h3>Cannae</h3>
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<p>Rome scrambled to rebuild it's army, and once again on August 2 216 BC, met Hannibal at the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" target="_blank">Battle of Cannae</a>. This time the
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Roman Army was led by both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul" target="_blank">Consuls</a>:
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro" target="_blank">Gaius Terentius Varro</a>, and
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)" target="_blank">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a>.</p>
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<p>Once again, Hannibal had more and better Cavalry.
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However the Carthaginian Army was outnumbered by the Roman Army nearly two to one. But
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through clever and deceptive battle-field deployment and maneuver, Hannibal's more-experienced infantry
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managed to completely surround the Roman Infantry, which consequently fell-in on itself, and unable to fight or maneuver,
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was almost completely wiped out.</p>
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<p>The Battle of Cannae was (and still is), one of the bloodiest days in human history with perhaps 50,000 - 70,000
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casualties in the span of just a few hours.</p>
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<h3>Zama</h3>
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<p>By waging war against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage" target="_blank">Carthage</a>,
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Roman General
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" target="_blank">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a>
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compelled Hannibal to return with his Army to Africa, where the two met in 202 BC at the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" target="_blank">Battle of Zama</a>.</p>
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<p>This time Rome had the superior Cavalry as Numidia was now allied with Rome. Hannibal's 80 war
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elephants spooked and were inneffective.</p>
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<p>At first, the Carthaginian Cavalry attempted to lure the Roman Cavalry away from the Battle Field
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by fleeing. However, Hannibal's tactic of placing his veterans in the rear back-fired, because about the
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time that the first two lines of Carthaginian Infantry were wiped out and the third line was engaged,
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the Roman Cavalry returned to the Battle Field and rolled-up the Carthaginians from behind.</p>
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<p>Carthage was routed from the Battle Field and the fleeing troops were easily pursued and killed by the
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Roman Cavalry in the flat terrain. On the Ancient Battle Field, you were a winner ... until you were not.</p>
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<p>Hannibal would regret not having attacked the City of Rome following the Battle of Cannae.</p>
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<p>The Second Punic War earned for Rome the reputation of refusing to give up and refusing to accept defeat.</p>
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