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<h1>RaspberryPi LTE-Failover Router With DNS Caching</h1>
<p>date: 2021-10-06</p>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>Apparently Windows has a problem resolving hosts when you tether from Mobile HotSpot.</p>
<p>The solution is to build a DNS-Caching router that tethers off the smartphone. This takes
advantage of Android's ability so transparently fail-over to LTE when residential
internet service goes down.</p>
<p>This solution also takes advantage of the RaspberryPi's incredibly low price,
the fact that LineageOS will run on cheap old phones that are no longer supported by the mfgr,
and the fact that GoogleFi will ship you a data-sim for free.</p>
<p>For instance, I just bought a brand-new, open-box Pixel phone for $85, and presumable the
MotoX4 can also be had for next to nothing.</p>
<h2 id="materials">Materials</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/CanaKit-Raspberry-Starter-Premium-Black/dp/B07BCC8PK7" target="_blank">RaspberryPi</a>
running <a href="https://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv8/broadcom/raspberry-pi-3" target="_blank">Arch Linux Arm</a></li>
<li>Old Android Phone Running <a href="https://wiki.lineageos.org/devices/" target="_blank">LineageOS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://support.google.com/fi/answer/6330195?hl=en#zippy=%2Corder-your-data-only-sim" target="_blank">Free Data Sim Card From GoogleFi</a></li>
</ul>
<figure>
<img src=../../photos/PXL_20211006_142214161_672x504.png width="100%" />
<figcaption>RaspberryPi Router tethered off MotoX4 (running LineageOS)</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 id="setup">Setup</h2>
<p>Personally I would</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/OpenSSH#Force_public_key_authentication" target="_blank">secure the ssh server</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/locale" target="_blank">generate and configure the locale</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/users_and_groups" target="_blank">remove the default root password, and default user</a></li>
<li>write your preferred hostname in <code>/etc/hostname</code></li>
<li>configure your preferred timezone:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/&lt;Zone&gt;/&lt;SubZone&gt; /etc/localtime
</code></pre></div></li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally, the router won't be accessible for administrative tasks when it
is behind the <em>Android Tether</em> ; for this I would use a
<a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/WireGuard" target="_blank">wireguard vpn</a>.</p>
<h2 id="configure-the-router">Configure The Router.</h2>
<p>The entire configuration of the router consists of two <code>systemd-networkd</code>
interface definitions, as well as <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>, and <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code>.</p>
<h3 id="resolvconf">resolvconf</h3>
<p><code>systemd-resolved</code> is no use to us because it only listens on localhost.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># disable systemd-resolved</span>
systemctl stop systemd-resolved
systemctl disable systemd-resolved
unlink /etc/resolv.conf
</code></pre></div>
After unlinking the symlinked version of <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>,
write your nameservers and options in a real <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># the default timeout of 5 seconds is too slow</span>
<span class="na">options timeout:1</span>
<span class="c1"># nameserver when connected to lan</span>
<span class="na">nameserver 192.168.1.1</span>
<span class="c1"># nameserver when connected to mobile network</span>
<span class="na">nameserver 8.8.8.8</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="interface-definitions-for-systemd-networkd">Interface Definitions For <code>systemd-networkd</code></h3>
<p>I believe the usb interfaces are numbered 1-4,
so either be careful which one you use, or maybe a wildcard name
will work, i.e. <code>Name=usb*</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># uplink</span>
<span class="c1"># /etc/systemd/network/usb0.network</span>
<span class="k">[Match]</span>
<span class="na">Name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">usb0</span>
<span class="k">[Network]</span>
<span class="na">DHCP</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">yes</span>
<span class="na">DNSSEC</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">no</span>
<span class="na">IPForward</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">yes</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># downlink, ethernet cable</span>
<span class="c1"># /etc/systemd/network/eth0.network</span>
<span class="k">[Match]</span>
<span class="na">Name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">eth0</span>
<span class="k">[Network]</span>
<span class="na">Address</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">10.12.34.1/24</span>
<span class="na">DHCPServer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">yes</span>
<span class="na">IPForward</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">yes</span>
<span class="na">IPMasquerade</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">both</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="configuration-for-dnsmasq">Configuration For <code>dnsmasq</code></h3>
<p>Install <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/dnsmasq" target="_blank">dnsmasq</a>,
and enable it <code>systemctl enable dnsmasq</code>.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># /etc/dnsmasq.conf</span>
<span class="na">resolv-file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">/etc/resolv.conf</span>
<span class="na">interface</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">eth0</span>
<span class="na">no-dhcp-interface</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">eth0</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h2 id="reboot">Reboot</h2>
<p>Plug in the Android Phone, reboot the RaspberryPi, and when it comes back up
toggle on the USB tether on the Android Phone.</p>
<p>Plug ethernet cable into Windows Computer, open <strong>CMD</strong> prompt and type
<code>ping google.com</code> to test connectivity and name resolution. Or on a
Linux computer type <code>ping -c 3 google.com</code>.</p>
<h2 id="alternate-dhcp-service">Alternate DHCP Service</h2>
<p>You can use <code>dnsmasq</code> for DHCP Service instead of <code>systemd-networkd</code>.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># downlink, ethernet cable</span>
<span class="c1"># /etc/systemd/network/eth0.network</span>
<span class="k">[Match]</span>
<span class="na">Name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">eth0</span>
<span class="k">[Network]</span>
<span class="na">Address</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">10.12.34.1/24</span>
<span class="c1"># DHCPServer=yes</span>
<span class="na">IPForward</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">yes</span>
<span class="na">IPMasquerade</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">both</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># /etc/dnsmasq.conf</span>
<span class="na">resolv-file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">/etc/resolv.conf</span>
<span class="na">interface</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">eth0</span>
<span class="c1"># no-dhcp-interface=eth0</span>
<span class="na">dhcp-range</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">10.12.34.50,10.12.34.150</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h2 id="reference-for-systemd-networkd">Reference For <code>systemd-networkd</code></h2>
<ul>
<li>examples in <code>/usr/lib/systemd/network/</code></li>
<li><a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html" target="_blank">Man Page</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="use-with-multiple-computers">Use With Multiple Computers</h2>
<p>Just add an
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Ethernet-Splitter-Optimization-Unmanaged-TL-SG108/dp/B00A121WN6" target="_blank">unmanaged switch</a>.</p>
<h2 id="wifi-instead-of-ethernet">Wifi Instead of Ethernet</h2>
<p>Use downlink definition for <code>wlan0</code> instead of <code>eth0</code>,
and install <code>hostapd</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf</span>
<span class="na">interface</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">wlan0</span>
<span class="na">hw_mode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">g</span>
<span class="na">channel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">7</span>
<span class="na">wmm_enabled</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">0</span>
<span class="na">macaddr_acl</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">0</span>
<span class="na">auth_algs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">1</span>
<span class="na">ignore_broadcast_ssid</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">0</span>
<span class="na">wpa</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">2</span>
<span class="na">wpa_key_mgmt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">WPA-PSK</span>
<span class="na">wpa_pairwise</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">TKIP</span>
<span class="na">rsn_pairwise</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">CCMP</span>
<span class="na">ssid</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">NETWORK</span>
<span class="na">wpa_passphrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">PASSWORD</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
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